Wire Gauge Size Chart AWG to mm2
AWG to mm2, Higher the AWG number, smaller the wire diameter.
AWG to mm2, Higher the AWG number, smaller the wire diameter.
NFPA 70E establishes the default arc flash boundary at 4 feet for low voltage (< 600V) systems where the total fault exposure is less than 5000 amperes-seconds (fault current in amperes multiplied by the upstream device clearing time in seconds).
An arc flash causes a very loud sound created by quickly-moving air, or a sound wave, that can reach 140 decibels at a distance of just two feet. Standard earplugs typically protect only up to 105 decibels, and you can go deaf from the intense arc flash sound.
Flash burns are like sunburn in the eye and can affect both your eyes. Your cornea can repair itself in one to two days, and usually heals without leaving a scar. However, if the flash burn is not treated, an infection may start.
Switchboard ASSEMBLY Base Frame Provides Base support to Assembly structure and evenly pass load onto base concrete foundation.
Busbar used in Switchboard Assemblies are Al or Cu, they have specific Weight basis size and Density of Atoms for given volume.
LOTO – Lockout Tagout is the Physical restraint of Device as Hazardous Energy source, While doing Servicing/Maintenance.
Energy Control Program makes sure that Equipment is isolated from energy source and made inoperative before planned Service/Maintenance.
Metals used in Switchboard Assemblies are CRCA, Al, Cu, etc have specific Weight basis its Density of Atoms for given volume.
LOTO – Lockout/Tagout, is set of procedures to ensure Equipment is properly Shutdown, Isolated, De-Energized and Tagged.
Fire Classification basis Material Involved in Fire and Essential Extinguiser Effect required for Fire Suppression.
Galvanization is the process of applying Zinc coating on Steel to prevent Corrosion. In Hot dip Galvanization, Fabrication is submerged in Molten Zinc.
Sheet Metal for ASSEMBLY Enclosure are carefully selected considering Sheet thickness, Density and Melting point.
Metalic sheets used for ASSEMBLY Enclosures, need to be Surface treated to provide Corrosion resistance. GI, CRCA, Galvanization, Zinc..
Motor contribution is the Current feed back by Motor, due to rotating magnetic fied in rotor, into System during short circuit condition.
Arc Blast overpressure is created due to blasting molten metal and expanding plasma inside of the ASSEMBLY.
HRC – Hazard Risk Category is determined by amount of Incident Energy released upto defined boundary from the source of Arc Flash Point.
Electrical joints of Dissimilar metals – Aluminium and Copper suffer from Galvanic Corrosion and thermal expansion effects.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion is the rate of change of unit Length/Volume per unit degree change in temperature.
Degree of Burn is the level of depth of Burn effect on the human skin up to bones.
Arc flash occurs when electrical current becomes uncontrolled, results in release of energy that ionizes air, releasing enormous heat, light, sound.
Degree of severity of burns is based on size and depth of the burn on human body. Fire, steam, Radiation, chemicals, Electric Arc, can cause burns.
Arc Blast is the supersonic shockwave produced when the uncontrolled Arc vaporizes the metal conductors and expanding Plasma.
Arc Flash assessment determines the degree to which worker may be exposed to potential Arc Flash Hazards and what kind of PPE is required.
Arc Flash occurs when insulation or isolation between electrified conductors is breached or can no longer withstand the applied voltage.
Lightning is electrostatic discharge, causing the instantaneous release of energy. SPD diverts surge to ground without impacting utility supply.
Short-Circuit fault allows the current to flow through unintended path with very low impedance, which results into excessive current flow through the path.
Highest Prospective Short Circuit Current which a typical Generator can feed in case of of Short Circuit fault for Individual and Multiple Generators.
Typical safe ability of Transformer, Generator and Cable to withstand Isc – short circuit fault current in multiple of its In – rated current, without damage to the equipment.
Highest Prospective Short Circuit Current Isc which a typical oil immersced Transformer can feed in case of of Short Circuit fault is Isc of Transformer.
Electric Shock is flow of external electric current through human body. RCD must be installed with 30mA sensitivity for protection against Electric Shock.
Electric Shock is flow of external electric current through human body. Touch Voltage is the voltage between the energized object and the feet of a person.
Steps and Limits of Temperature rise of ASSEMBLY, Verification by Testing with Current, with Arrangement as in normal use.
In Powder coating process, CRCA surface is given Anti Corrosive Surface treatment, then Epoxy Powder is applied, melted and hardened.
While commissioning Assembly, Switchgear Nameplate gives important information, characteristics, Energy, Short Circuit, Accordingly Safety can be ensured.
I2t – Let through Energy is available thermal energy resulting from Current Flow during circuit opening in Fuse, MCCB, MCB.Unit is A2S (Ampere2 Second)
I2t – Let through Energy is available thermal energy resulting from Current Flow during circuit opening. I2t (of circuit breaker) < K2S2 (of cable)
Unbalanced 3 phase system can be resolved into 3 balanced systems – Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Symmetrical components.
Electrical Panel Assemblies needs good understanding of GAS laws, PV=nRT, which relates Pressure, Volume, Temperature and Amount of GAS inside the ASSEMBLY.
Heat is a flow of energy from higher temperature object to lower temperature object. Heat transfer continues until two objects reaches thermal equilibrium.
Nonconducting material that provides electric isolation of two parts at different voltages.
It must have an electrical resistivity and a dielectric strength sufficiently high for the given application.
The secondary requirements relate to thermal and mechanical properties.
Solar Radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun. Solar Gain is the Increase in Thermal Energy of a Object as it absorbs Solar Radiation.
Severity Test for Assembly is Degree of impact a defect has on its operation, under conditions of high humidity combined with cyclic changes in temperature.
Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel ISO 898, with respect to Bolt class, Bolt Material, Proof Strength, Tensile Strength
Maximmum allowed Temperature on Busbar length and Joints-connection for Aluminium or Copper Busbar material considering Coating type.
CTI is max voltage which material can withstands 50 water drops without without formation of conductive path.
Clearance is the shortest distance in air between two conductive parts. Minimum Clearance required to withstand transient overvoltages as per IEC 61439.
Arc Flash is light and heat produced as a result of Arc Fault, due to low impedance path, which causes electrical explosion or discharge.
Arcing Class A, B, C according to personal protection from ASSEMBLY under Arc Fault and ASSEMBLY protection from internal Arc fault.
Tested Assemblies Varification Tests as per IEC 61439. Verification by TESTING, CALCULATION, DESIGN-RULES for Construction and Performance of ASSEMBLY.
Pollution factor can be solid, liquid, gaseous foreign matter which may reduce the dielectric strength accordingly Pollution Degree defined IEC 60664.
Circuit Breaker with Short Time withstand Icw capacity are Calassified as Category B (eg. ACB), and without Icw are Category A (eg. MCCB, MCB).
Clearance is shortest distance in air and Creepage is shortest distance along the surface of a solid insulating material, between two conductive parts.